June, 1983.
I’ve always liked cats,
perhaps because I share many of their biases and also because we had a pet cat
Tigger in
In the waning months of his life, as he
lost his hair, weight, and flexibility, I struggled with the question of
euthanasia. I remember taking Rex to the
vet once. In the lobby was a burley
teamster with tears streaming down his face.
He had just watched his doctor put his dog “to sleep.” The subject of euthanasia is too complex for
this essay, but needless to say, I just couldn’t bring myself to take
that step. So long as he wasn’t in acute
pain so far as I could tell, I resolved to continue to provide as best as I
could and play and comfort him until the end.
After giving him a bath one night, he had a stroke and died the next
morning.
I suppose I could do worse.
“Yesterday, I went to our garden and
picked seventeen flowers to put on the grave of our beloved pet Rex Aslan Wik,”
I wrote to my parents in March 1998. “On
April 25th, he would have been seventeen years old. Rex died yesterday in his sleep. I like to think that in his last sleep, his
dreams ranged over his life of love and adventure—how he bagged two mice in
Elgin, how he rescued me from the fire, his three homes, and, especially, the
fun and comfort he gave me, Nancy, and the boys.
“In life, Rex taught me so
much,” I conclude in my letter. “He
taught me that the core of love is commitment, in sickness or in health. He taught me to look sometimes at the cares and
the concerns of his world through his playful, copper eyes. These are lessons that have helped in my
relationship to my wife and in raising my boys.
I will hold on to these lessons—these memories—of our friend and pet for
the rest of my life, for in teaching me about life, he taught me something
about death.”
The possibility
of non-human morality raises all kinds of questions. It’s hard to deny that some higher animals,
such as elephants, dolphins, cats, and dogs, lack altruistic impulses and moral
sensibilities. And it’s clear to me
that the least ethical man is far inferior in his morals than the most ethical
ape. I recently read a news account of a
child who had fallen into an ape pit at a zoo.
A larger ape gently pulled the unconscious child to safety while fending
off the more rowdy juvenile apes. While
it’s possible that the ape’s mothering instincts might have kicked in, it seems
to me that it was just as possible for her more brutal instincts to kick in as
well that would have resulted in the death of the child. In other words, it seems to me that the ape
made a moral choice. If it’s true that
animals have a moral sense, should we follow in St. Francis’ footsteps and
preach to the birds? Do snails have
souls? Can animals be redeemed and have
a redeemer? (My interlocutor
sarcastically asked me, “What are you saying?
Is there a Jesus rabbit and a Jesus fox and rabbit crucifixion and a fox
crucifixion?”) If there is the spark of
the divine within beasts, what then should our relationship be to them? Does human contact with some animals—such as
my affection for Rex—imprint on that creature in some way a moral
sensitivity? Can we teach animals
morality? Should we avoid all foods that
once had faces? Ban vivisection? Liberate the barn and zoo animals and pray
over the burial of our leather shoes and fur coats? What about intelligent non-human life
elsewhere, perhaps in other solar systems?
Did they too undergo the passion pageant and if not, how should we
regard them? As our moral
superiors? (I suspect that if we have
the means, we’ll probably try to kill them.
But this is an academic question as we have no basis whatever to believe
that such life exists. Although I’m an
avid science fiction fan, I find no convincing evidence from 7,000 years of
recorded history to support the belief that UFOs are real or that space aliens
exist, and I consider the search for extra terrestrial life to be a waste of
effort and money.) What about artificial
life? It may be merely a matter of time
before we can code robots to have cognition, consciousness, feelings, superstitions,
and theistic longings. Can we
manufacture a soul? Can we program an android to have free will? Should we
still treat them the same we treat a toaster?
I don’t think I have many answers for these questions. But, in general, I think we should treat
animals, aliens, and even androids and appliances ethically, as our actions
reflect for better or for worse our ethics or our lack of ethics.
In the Turing Game, proposed by Alan
Turning in the 1950s, two players are behind a curtain communicating with you
by a console. If a robot can be
substituted for one the players and it is impossible for you to determine that,
presumably that robot will have reached the level of conceptual thought. But I think that this test doesn’t scratch
the surface in emulating genuine human consciousness. It would also be more impressive if the
android interactions reached the level of self-initiated perfidy, as in the
case of HAL, the computer in the movie 2001, or self-directed superstition in
the movie AI. Human self-consciousness
would have to include all the virtues and vices that we manifest, as well as
our inner world of thought, doubt, confusion, dread, greed, dishonesty,
intentionality, dreams, speculation, and mysticism. I see no basis for assuming
that we are anywhere near that point, even at a rudimentary conceptual
level.
If man is merely a more complicated
machine that the lower orders going down the smallest bacterium, is man
therefore truly unique? What is it
exactly that makes man a little lower than the angels and a little higher than
the orangutans? And why does this
matter so long as we are ethically grounded?
If we view man as merely an advanced machine or animal, will it
necessarily follow that we must treat men as machines or animals? I think the answer can only be: no. The way we treat anything reflects on our
respect for life and on our attitude to man himself. “They are only rats” becomes “They are only
Jews.”
Hope has been at war with my
reason for my entire life, and this may be a case where hope has won. Ezekiel 18:4 says that God regards that “all
souls are mine”, and I’m more certain that Rex had a soul than some folks that
have made the headlines. I’m reminded of
the Prayer of Saint Basil of
It little matters sparrows
That the Father notes
their fall
They die like all the
other beats
Both big and great and
small
And they might justly
wonder
If they could cogitate
Why the Father would
simply note their fall
When death is still
fate?
Shortly after Rex died, I had a dream
in which he was sitting at the end of my bed in a puddle of light, but he
looked as healthy as he did ten years earlier.
He looked at me with his
I wrapped Rex in a knitted
blue pillow cover with his favorite catnip toy that he used to race after as a
kitten. I dug a hole and put him under a
grapefruit tree in a corner of our yard.
After we buried Rex, I took
Zachary and Benjamin to the park. They
enjoyed playing on the slides and swings and in the sand.
In 2001, for my
birthday, the family got Kitty, a fluffy-tailed tawny-colored Somali
kitten. And so our fur-children continue
to enrich our lives.